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When we think of arguments involving the First Amendment and free speech, we often conjure up images of brave people taking stands on important topics. There are a number of landmark Supreme Court cases devoted to the subject, all examples of the power of the Constitution, which permits citizens to stand up and say or do what they want, even if it’s unpopular.
The case began back in August of 2014 in a small town outside of Atlanta known as Flowery Branch. A group had gathered for services one evening as the 12Stone Church when the pastor, Jason Berry, asked that any teachers in the audience stand. The goal of the call out was to recognize those performing important work and to ask the congregants to pray for them to have a successful school year. Though the act seemed innocuous, one man, David Freeman, who home schooled his children, disagreed.
Freeman leaped out of his seat, stood and raised a middle finger in the air. As he did so, he glared at Pastor Berry and began screaming at those gathered not to send their kids to “evil public schools”. Freeman went on to ask the congregants not to allow Satan to raise their kids. The church’s minister of music turned up the volume on the music to try and drown out Freeman, which succeeded in driving Freeman out of the sanctuary.
The incident troubled Pastor Berry and some congregants who then called the police. Berry spoke with Freeman in the lobby and said that he ought to be ashamed of himself for acting that way in church. A local sheriff’s deputy later arrived and ended up charging Freeman with disorderly conduct.
In Georgia, disorderly conduct is a misdemeanor offense. Freeman was eventually convicted, given the overwhelming evidence that he had done what he was accused of doing. As a result, Freeman was sentenced to a year on probation and required to pay a relatively small $270 fine. Given the relatively minor penalties, that would ordinarily have been the end of the story, but not for Freeman, who believed he had done nothing wrong and felt strongly enough to challenge his conviction.
Freeman’s initial argument on appeal was that Georgia’s statutory definition of disorderly conduct is too vague. The law says that to qualify as disorderly conduct, a victim must be placed in reasonable fear of the safety of the person’s life, limb or health. Given this expansive language, the disorderly conduct charge could be used to prosecute a wide array of people for otherwise normally and socially acceptable actions.
The Georgia Supreme Court ended up disagreeing with Freeman’s argument that the disorderly conduct statute was vague. Though Freeman lost that point, he won on something even more important. The Court decided that his actions should not have violated state law because they did not constitute an actual threat to anyone. The threatening action, according to the Supreme Court, was the obscene gesture of raising his middle finger. According to the court, the act of raising one’s middle finger is not, by itself, a true threat. The Court then explored the history of flipping a bird, showing that it dates back to ancient Greece. Though it may be crude, the gesture is used to express contempt, anger or protest and is thus a form of expression that is and should be protected by the First Amendment. The ruling, to the surprise of some, was unanimous.
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